Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet - Both a Sane and Insane Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Rational or Insane Hamlet: Support for the two Positions Shakespeare's deplorable saint, Hamlet, and his rational soundness can ostensibly be examined. Numerous bits of the play underpins his loss of control in his activities, while different parts maintain his capacity of sensational workmanship. The issue can be talked about the two different ways and out and out offer noteworthy help to either hypothesis. There are signs from Hamlet all through the play of his brain's prosperity. Hamlet's prank air may have caused him in specific occasions that he is in a pretend. Hamlet has state of mind swings as his temperament changes suddenly all through the play. Hamlet seems to act frantic when he knows about his dad's homicide. At the time he talks wild and spinning words:Why, right; you are I' the right; And in this way, without more situation by any means, I hold it fit that we shake hands and part... [Act I, scene V, lines 127-134]. It appears as though there are two Hamlets in the play, one that is delicate and a perfect ruler, and the crazy savage Hamlet who from an upheaval of energy and fierceness kills Polonius with no sentiment of regret, Thou pathetic, rash, meddling simpleton, goodbye! /I took thee for thy better. Take thy fortune;/Thou find'st to be too occupied is some peril.- [Act III. scene IV, lines 31-33] and afterward discusses hauling his guts into another room. After Hamlet murders Polonius he won't tell anybody where the body is. Rather he expect his amusing issue which others accept it as frenzy. Not where he eats, however where h e is eaten. /A specific conference of political worms an e'en at him. [Act IV, scene III, lines 20-21] On the off chance that your delegate discover him not there, look for him I' th' other spot yourself. Be that as it may, in fact, in the event that you discover him not inside this month, you will nose him as you go up the steps into the entryway. [Act IV, scene iii, lines 33-36]. Hamlet's conduct all through the play, particularly towards Ophelia is conflicting. He bounces into Ophelia's grave, and battles with Laertes in her grave. He declares I adored Ophelia. Forty thousand siblings/Could not, with all their amount of affection,/Make up my aggregate [Act V, scene I, lines 250-253], during the battle with Laertes in Ophelia's grave, however he reveals to her that he never cherished her, when she restores his letters and blessings, while she was as yet alive. Hamlet inconspicuously indicates his consciousness of his dissolving mental soundness as he reveals to Laertes that he murdered Polonius in an attack of frenzy [Act V, scene II, lines 236-250]

Consultancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consultancy - Essay Example The requirement for advisors with particular aptitudes, ability and experience could never seize albeit a more worth based methodology ought to be furnished with center around seeing needs of the customer, setting they work in and quantifiable expectations. Basic Review During the previous two decades the job of the executives advisors has expanded significantly in the open space. These administration experts, when just well known in the serious private division turned into a significant supporting component in the open segment however not without consideration paid to the results and expensive administrations offered by them (O'Mahoney, 2006). As indicated by the Central Government’s utilization of Consultants report (2007) introduced by the council of open records †place of lodge, the consumption made by the British government on administrations obtained through administration consultancies from 1997 to 2006 is totalled at about GBP 20 Billion. The report featured numer ous defects in securing consultancy rehearses by open associations and their results, despite the fact that it additionally underscores that specialists whenever utilized fittingly can bring about huge advantages to an open activity. After the appointment of 2010 in UK, the legislature has promised to diminish consultancy spending in significant ventures. As per Management Consultancies Association (MCA) these measures brought about an abatement of 33 percent in consultancy incomes. This drop prompted consultancies depending intensely on private division which is itself vigorously troubled because of extreme monetary occasions. The contracted business constrained numerous little consultancies to close down their activities while huge consultancies declared occupation slices because of intense financial conditions and inconsistent commercial center (MCA, 2013). The two customers whether open or private in nature reprimand the board experts for utilizing large words however utilizing the regular old administration capacities. They are likewise censured for making plans that are difficult to execute by the customer or not considering long haul effects of the guidance given to the customer. Some littler consultancies are likewise blamed for not giving guaranteed expectations, charge high expenses or expressing a low charge at first expanded later when the project’s course of events are broadened. The fault for this expansion is frequently credited to the customer due to non-accessibility of assets or requirements in type of data not satisfied by the customer. Another territory of concern is client administrations where experts attempt to force pre-decided structures on client’s organizations before understanding the unique circumstance and nature of client’s business. Moreover once consultancy on a specific undertaking is finished, manageability of results are not ensured and client service is either poor or charged upon independently (Argyris , 2000). Contender Analysis After the development the board consultancies found in 1980s and 1990s the development began easing back down during 2001 to 2003. In 1980 there were just five counseling firms on the planet and by 1990 thirty comparative measured firms were built up, the development saw by this industry cleared path for new consultancies and incalculable new consultancies were set up over the globe (Canback, 1998). Most consultancies take a shot at the eight stage model proposed by Harvard

Bluehost vs Dreamhost Comparison Which is Better in 2020

Bluehost vs Dreamhost Comparison Which is Better in 2020 Last Updated on February 17, 2020What is the best way to succeed online? Before creating a great website or blog, you’ll need a web hosting provider.However, selecting a reasonably priced and fast web hosting service is often shroud in confusion and panic, especially for the less tech-savvy. With a large number of hosting service providers claiming to be the best in the market today, website owners find it increasingly difficult to select the right hosting solution. Disclosure As an independent review site, we get compensated if you purchase through the referral links or coupon codes on this page â€" at no additional cost to you. Dismiss alert To help you identify the right web hosting service, I’ve compared Bluehost vs Dreamhost. These two providers have been in the market for years, and have been known for their quality service; thus, you don’t need to worry about them being out of business overnight.In this review, I’ve juxtaposed these two web hosting providers to help website owners answer one crucial question: “Between Bluehost and Dreamhost, which is better for hosting your website?”Our #1 web hosting pick:Get top rated hosting for as little as$2.64 per Month Claim your discount now! You might also like: DreamHost review BlueHost Review Table of Contents Bluehost and Dreamhost historyBluehost vs Dreamhost feature comparisonDreamhost vs Bluehost uptime and speedPerformanceBluehost vs Dreamhost WordPress hosting reviewBluehost or Dreamhost customer servicesControl panelMoney back guaranteeDreamhost vs Bluehost price plansMain Dreamhost and Bluehost hosting plans and bonusesTypes of pricing and subscriptionBluehost vs Dreamhost comparison of plansWho is the winner, Dreamhost or Bluehost?Bluehost and Dreamhost historyBoth Bluehost and Dreamhost were established in 1996. This implies that they bring nearly the same level of experience in web hosting. However, Bluehost is privately owned by the Endurance International Group that also owns other hosting companies, including iPage and FastDomain.Dreamhost, on the other hand, was founded by Harvey Mudd College undergraduates who included Sage Weil, Michael Rodriguez, Josh Jones, and Dallas Bethune. Unlike Bluehost that mainly specializes in web hosting, Dreamhost also offers other services that include cloud storage and cloud computing. Join the FREE TrainingDo You Want To Learn How To Build 6 Figures Authority Sites?Join This Free Training To...Finally have a proven method to finding profitable nichesGet access to a foolproof keyword research methodLearn how to outsource quality contentLearn how to build white hat links to your site without headaches Bluehost vs Dreamhost feature comparisonTo establish if Dreamhost or Bluehost has the better services, here is a complete evaluation of their features such as customer service and performance.Dreamhost vs Bluehost uptime and speedBoth services provide users with high levels of uptime levels. Although Bluehost provi des its clients with an uptime guarantee of 100%, the actual uptime is 99.9%. This means you are assured high visibility when users are finding you on the web. On the other hand, Dreamhost gives its clients a guarantee of 100% uptime but delivers at approximately the same level as Bluehost.When it comes to speed, both services are pretty fast. Their speedy rendering will be impressive for your website’s visitors. Note that DreamHost uses Solid State Drives (SSDs) to help improve the loading speeds.On uptime and rendering speed, there is no clear winner between Bluehost and Dreamhost, both perform similarlyPerformanceBoth hosting services offer great performance for clients’ websites. This is the main reason why a lot of website owners have developed trust in them.To make its service more effective, Bluehost has added innovation referred to as CPU segregation technology. This allows the service to control the CPU and protect hosted websites from viruses and spammers. Click to s ee Bluehost special offers now! Bluehost vs Dreamhost WordPress hosting review Bluehost or Dreamhost customer servicesTo know how good a company is, one of the primary features to check out is customer support. A good hosting provider will prioritize customer satisfaction by ensuring any issue is identified and addressed promptly. This is the approach that both Dreamhost and Bluehost use to guarantee users of optimal satisfaction.Both companies provide 24/7 support to their customers by using multiple communication channels, including email and phone lines. You can also use live chats or access their online forums for discussions of any unclear issue about hosting.Dreamhost provides users access to its hosting manual that includes how-to posts, web-hosting guides, and troubleshooting tricks.For Bluehost clients, the service allows them to initiate tickets that link them with support. However, many people prefer to use phone lines or live chats for a prompter response.On support, th e two companies’ customer support services are really good. This means there is no outright winner.Control panelThe control panel of a web hosting provider is the gateway to accessing the features offered through the selected plan. Bluehost uses the industry standard cPanel that is considered highly intuitive. Users find the cPanel impressive because it makes navigation through the hosting service easy.Indeed, even new web developers learn to use the cPanel very fast. The cPanel is also flexible and enables users to easily manage their hosting accounts, promptly transfer files, install programs, and manage backups.Dreamhost opted for an owner-designed control panel that requires some time to understand how it operates. 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Visa J-1 para estudiar la especialidad médica en USA

La visa J-1 permite a los mà ©dicos extranjeros graduados en facultades de medicina fuera de Canadà ¡ y de Estados Unidos estudiar sus residencias o especializaciones en este à ºltimo paà ­s.   Asimismo, esta visa permite a los mà ©dicos de otros paà ­ses ingresar a Estados Unidos para realizar investigacià ³n avanzada en el à ¡mbito de la medicina. Es decir, permite adquirir conocimientos clà ­nicos y no clà ­nicos y esta diferenciacià ³n es muy importante como se verà ¡ mà ¡s adelante en relacià ³n a la regla de los dos aà ±os. Este artà ­culo explica los requisitos fundamentales para participar en este programa de visa J-1 para alien physician. Por ejemplo, quià ©n puede ser patrocinador,   requisitos de certificacià ³n y para solicitar la visa, cambios de especializacià ³n, cà ³mo llevar a la familia y, por à ºltimo, la famosa regla de los dos aà ±os y cuà ¡ndo no aplica o es posible pedir una excepcià ³n. Finalmente, no confundir con el programa distinto de trainee o prà ¡cticas  con visa J-1, en el que tambià ©n pueden participar mà ©dicos, ya que las reglas son distintas. Patrocinador de mà ©dicos para la visa J-1 para especialidad o residencia La Comisià ³n Educativa para Graduados Mà ©dicos Extranjeros (ECFMG, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) es el à ºnico patrocinador reconocido por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Y es que de entre todas las visas no inmigrante con las que es posible viajar a Estados Unidos, las J-1 de intercambio tienen, entre sus requisitos, la necesidad de contar con un patrocinador, tambià ©n conocido como esponsorizador, que tiene que estar reconocido oficialmente.   Certificacià ³n de los estudios realizados por los mà ©dicos extranjeros Antes de solicitar la visa, la ECFMG tiene que certificar que el mà ©dico extranjero interesado en una visa J-1 està ¡ preparado para participar en un programa de especializacià ³n o investigacià ³n en Estados Unidos. El proceso de certificacià ³n es largo y complejo. Entre los requisitos, serà ¡ necesario demostrar los conocimientos mà ©dicos y tambià ©n un alto nivel de inglà ©s, tanto oral como escrito, que se mide mediante los resultados obtenidos en un examen conocido como TOEFL. Tambià ©n es imprescindible aprobar una de las siguientes pruebas: Partes I y II del National Board of Medical Examiners Examinationel Foreign Medical Graduate Examination, Step I y Step IIo el Visa Qualifying Examination (VQE) Todas esas pruebas son gestionadas por ECFMG. Requisitos para solicitar la visa J-1 para mà ©dicos subcategorà ­a alien physician Una vez obtenidos el certificado de la ECFMG y otros requisitos, esta organizacià ³n emite un documento conocido como DS-2919.   Tambià ©n es necesario una declaracià ³n por escrito del gobierno del paà ­s en el que reside el mà ©dico extranjero en el que se afirma que hay una necesidad en dicho paà ­s de doctores especializados en la rama que la que se va a buscar la especializacià ³n. Asimismo, se necesita un contrato u oferta de la institucià ³n en la que se ha sido admitido para realizar la especializacià ³n. Los candidatos extranjeros y los ciudadanos estadounidenses que estudiaron Medicina fuera de EEUU son considerados IMGs. Sus oportunidades durante el proceso que se conoce como Match para ligar candidato con institucià ³n acadà ©mica/hospital son generalmente no tan buenas como las de los graduados en facultades de Estados Unidos, por lo que se recomienda venderse agresivamente con los directores de los programas que interesan para levantar cualquier sospecha que pueda recaer sobre la calidad de sus estudios previos. Una vez que se tienen todos los pasos previos completados, ya se puede solicitar la visa J-1, lo cual se hace en là ­nea completando el formulario DS-160. El tiempo de tramitacià ³n depende del consulado o embajada y tambià ©n de las circunstancias personales del solicitante. Como parte de la tramitacià ³n es necesario pagar la cuota, que no se recupera si la visa no es aprobada. Tambià ©n se pasa por una entrevista en el consulado o embajada y en algà ºn momento del proceso, que varà ­a segà ºn la ubicacià ³n, se tomarà ¡n las huellas digitales del solicitante y una foto. Como en todo tipo de visas no inmigrante, las razones por las que puede haber un rechazo de la negacià ³n son muchas, distinguià ©ndose causas que convierten a una persona en inelegible y aquellas que lo convierten en inadmisible.   Si bien en la mayorà ­a de los casos el problema puede surgir porque el candidato no demuestra suficientemente que su intencià ³n no es quedarse en Estados Unidos. Es muy importante poder probar que se va a regresar al paà ­s de origen. Aunque no hay reglas expresas sobre quà © documentos utilizar, es de gran ayuda seguir las reglas generales que se utilizan para este fin cuando se solicita una visa de turista. Visas para familiares para mà ©dicos realizando la residencia en Estados Unidos El cà ³nyuge del solicitante de la visa J-1 y sus hijos solteros que son menores de 21 aà ±os pueden acompaà ±ar al mà ©dico a Estados Unidos. Su visa es una J-2, de dependiente. Para poder solicitarla es necesario solicitar a ECFMG que extienda el patrocinio a estos familiares. Trabajar en Estados Unidos   La finalidad del mà ©dico es especializarse. Para ello obviamente debe realizar prà ¡cticas en su campo, por las que serà ¡ compensado econà ³micamente. Sin embargo, lo que no puede hacer y està ¡ estrictamente prohibido es trabajar fuera del programa. Hacer tal cosa es una violacià ³n migratoria que puede provocar la cancelacià ³n de la visa. Cambios de especialidad mà ©dica Si el mà ©dico con una visa J-1 inicia una especializacià ³n y cambia de parecer y decide que prefiera otra, puede tramitar un cambio de la misma siempre y cuando todavà ­a no tenga completado el segundo aà ±o de la especializacià ³n.   Una vez iniciado el tercer aà ±o ya no es posible ese tipo de cambios. La regla de los dos aà ±os de permanencia fuera de EEUU En principio, los mà ©dicos que participan en un programa J-1 dentro de la categorà ­a de alien physician deben salir de Estados Unidos por dos aà ±os y residir en otro paà ­s durante ese tiempo. Esto NO quiere decir que no puedan viajar a USA   como turistas, quiere decir que no pueden obtener una visa de trabajo de la familia H o de la L o una green card. Esto afecta incluso a las personas casadas de buena fe con un ciudadano americano. En principio, les aplica esa regla. Pero hay excepciones. Por ejemplo, no aplica a los mà ©dicos cuya labor en los Estados Unidos fuera de investigacià ³n, observacià ³n o enseà ±anza y no tuvieran un contacto directo con pacientes. Ademà ¡s, es posible pedir un permiso conocido como waiver para que no aplica esa regla. Requisitos para la waiver de los dos aà ±os Son 4 las posibilidades para pedir la waiver a la regla de residir dos aà ±os fuera de Estados Unidos al finalizar este programa: Que el Departamento de Salud de uno de los estados solicite una waiver a nombre de un mà ©dico determinado. Hay un mà ¡ximo de 30 por estado por aà ±o fiscal. Es lo que se conoce como el programa Conrad 30 waiver.Que una agencia del gobierno solicite la waiver.Que se dà © la circunstancia de que si el mà ©dico retornase a su paà ­s de origen que pudiera ser perseguido por razà ³n de su raza, religià ³n u opiniones polà ­ticas.Que estuviera casado con una persona ciudadana americana o residente permanente legal o que tuviera hijos con esos estatus y si el mà ©dico o la doctora tuviera que salir de Estados Unidos se producirà ­a una situacià ³n de extrema dureza para el familiar ciudadano o residente. Opciones para trabajar en USA como mà ©dico al finalizar la especializacià ³n   Tras finalizar el programa y cumplir la regla de los dos aà ±os, si se està ¡ obligado a cumplirla, -recordar que los mà ©dicos no clà ­nicos no està ¡n sujetos a ella-, se puede obtener una visa de inmigrante (green card) o una de trabajo. Los mà ©dicos pueden visas L-1 de transfer o H-1B para profesionales. En cuanto a las green card, existen varios caminos para obtenerlos, incluidas las de por razà ³n de trabajo incluyendo la categorà ­a de extranjero de habilidad extraordinaria y la de residencia con waiver por razà ³n de interà ©s nacional. Tener en cuenta que en estos momentos està ¡ paralizada la opcià ³n que permità ­a a los doctores interesados en prestar servicio en el Ejà ©rcito a travà ©s del programa  Mavni, que abrà ­a las puertas a la adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a de un modo inmediato. Finalmente, los mà ©dicos se encuentran entre los profesionales mejor pagados de Estados Unidos, si bien hay notable diferencia segà ºn la especialidad, aà ±os de prà ¡ctica e, incluso, ubicacià ³n. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

There Are No Children Here Essays Style - 607 Words

Style of There Are No Children Here There Are No Children Herenbsp; In Kotlowitzs description of the harsh realities of the Chicago projects, three stylistic elements stand out: his precise narration, his bluntness, and his questionable objectivity. These three elements blend to form a unique style that is particularly well-suited for There Are No Children Here. If there is one thing on which critics agree when discussing this book, it is that Kotlowitz is a brilliant narrator. He has a keen eye for the daily particulars of this dangerous neighborhood. Adding to this strength is the fact that he spent years in one particular Chicago project, earning the trust of his informants. What ensues is a story that is told masterfully.†¦show more content†¦These two direct quotes increase the impact of the passage infinitely. Kotlowitzs narrative technique is extremely effective in giving the reader deeply affecting portraits of the two brothers (Siler 14). It is Kotlowitzs ability to recognize the details that are essential that makes his narration brilliant and memorable. Kotlowitzs effectiveness as a narrator is strengthened by his bluntness. For example, when dealing with the clean-up of the basement, Kotlowitz spares no details in his description: Some Chicago Housing Authority employees wearing moon suits and gas masks clean the basements at Henry Horner, removing the animal carcasses and rusted appliances (Kotlowitz 303). None of the grim details are edited. Furthermore, during the funeral of a friend of one of the boys, Kotlowitz goes to great lengths to describe the body: . . .[his] head wound had been stuffed with cotton and sutured to prevent leakage. . . (Kotlowitz 205). The grim details have an unsettling effect on the reader, bringing the horror to life. Kotlowitzs description makes vivid the terrors of growing up in the projects (Siler 12). Kotlowitzs straightforwardness avoids preachy declarations in favor of a simple, almost childlike tone. Kotlowitz does not sanitize the language and culture of the Horner projects (Washington 12). Children call Horner the graveyard. The childrens mothers shopping list includes hair grease. This straightforward account brings theShow MoreRelated stem cell ethics Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pages MLA style also specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing and also provides a writers with a system for cross-referencing their sources--from their parenthetical references to their works cited page. This cross-referencing system allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects. 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Customer Relationship Management ( Crm ) Essay - 831 Words

CRM: Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty, and Firm Profitability Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a tool that helps track, manage and supply information about customer’s interactions with an organization to help contribute to customer satisfaction that leads to customer loyalty. Additionally, CRM programs provide tools and applications designed to target their efforts on the most profitable customers, target new potential customers, and generate sales and maintain relationships with customers contributing to a greater market share. Questions Effective CRM Programs Question 1: How can an effective Customer Relationship Management program be used to identify, retain, satisfy and retain customers? An effective Customer Relationship Management (CRM) program can be used to identify, retain, satisfy and obtain customers by using technology to optimize strategies for understanding customers’ needs to manage business interactions with current, former, and prospective customers. 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It has definitely encouraged several more users to implement CRM solutionsRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )1456 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is significant in the service marketing these days, customers are the major element that relates to the company growth and profits. Understanding the customer purchase behavior and relationship is a key of success that commonly indicates the B2B B2C relationship management. CRM system provides the customer information that shows what customer wants and needs, and help sales person to increase the customer relationship with the organizationRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )1223 Words   |  5 PagesCustomer relationship management (CRM) is an essential part of every modern business. At the beginning of 21st century, the customer power dramatically increased due to Internet and technology development. The objectives of CRM are to build profitable and long-term relationships with customers. CRM is a complete system that provides a 360-degree view of the customer. It is also a method that tends to capture the experience of the consumers, and gain their trust to remain loyal customers. It is alsoRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )869 Words   |  4 Pageswhat the customer wants from them. Many companies have come to realize that customers and the service they receive are very important in expanding their brand. Because of that recognition, most businesses of the twenty-first century have developed customer relationship management (CRM) initiatives to better relate to their customer bases. What does customer relationship management (CRM) mean? Kurtz defines CRM as a set of strategies and tools that companies use to learn about customers (Kurtz, 2015

New Business Plan for Development Of The Restaurant †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the New Business Plan for Development Of The Restaurant. Answer: Introduction: Business is the term that defines the activities that are conducted in order to earn profits. It has been analysed that the business activities require so many things and one of them is a good and unique business idea. After having the idea, the business plan needs to be generated that helps in provide the direction to the business person to conduct the initiate the business activities. This is the report that discusses about the new business plan that deals with development of the restaurant. It is the industry that is very competitive and is also providing various opportunities for the entrepreneurs (Gartner, Carter and Hills, 2016). The restaurant that has been disused below is the restaurant that serves the people with healthy products. It is the restaurant that serves the market with healthy products such as salads, multigrain products with vegetables etc. It has been analysed that this is the business that operates with targeting the market of the sports people and the young pe ople who are every much diet conscious. Taste is not the thing that the company is serving because only the diet food is served at this place. It has been analysed that this business is innovative in nature as there is no such brand in Australia that uses this type of business idea to serve the people only with the diet and healthy food. It is the business that can only target the premium customers because the prices of the products are very high as compared to normal products at other restaurants. Business model canvas: Business canvas model is the tool that helps in providing the different elements of the business in the model so that the investment decision and the strengths and the weakness of the business can be analysed. Below is the brief description of the elements involved in the model along with the diagrammatic view: Customer Segments: The customers have been segmented on the basis of their preference of their food. As discuses that the business is about serving the diet food and healthy food products to the customers, so the customers are segmented on the basis of age as well as their food preference. It has been analysed that the restaurant target the customers who wants to have healthy food. The company can also target the customers who are in sports (Boyd, et al. 2017). Value Proposition: The value proposition is the element that adds value to the products or what value the products adds for the customers. As far as this restaurant is conferred it provides the customers with healthy food and thus it is promoting the healthy diet and food among the customers (Mackey and Sisodia, 2014). Serving the diet food in a sophisticated manner results in attracting the food lovers to have food as well as health together. It has been analysed that the segment of people who are health conscious and are switching to diet food is increasing; thus, it will be a great idea to serve the people with the diet food in restaurants. People at Australia are health conscious and thus the business does not need to make so many efforts in convincing people to be health conscious. Customer Relationships: The company would be dealing with online as well as offline mediums. It has dry food as well that the company sold and deliver. This business of the company runs through online mediums and the same store in the corner of the restaurant. The company provides additional health to the customers when they visits the place as per their requirements as they have hired a nutrition specialist to deal with the customers and that is for free. This is the strategy that helps the company to make the customers loyal. Channels: The channels that the company served with are the physical restaurant and the online delivery option. Most of the tie the company prefers to prove food at the store only as healthy food get rotten easily when packed thus it is required by the customers to have dine in rather than take away (Ward, 2016). Another thing is that the company also serves the customers with online site but only deliver the dry food products such as healthy cookies, juices etc. no fresh products are delivered. In order to make the products, various products can be used by the company. One of the most important channels is social media that helps the company to market its services and the products as well as the brand name (Morecroft, 2015). Social media is the most popular tools these days because most of the customers are using these social networking sites to surf for the places to visit. Promotion on these sites allows the brand to reach to the masses (Drucker, 2017). Key Activities: Some of the key activities of the company are: Serving healthy and diet food to the customers Nutrition advice for free Delivering the healthy food products at home The store at the restaurant provides the customers with various healthy products to buy. Key Resources: Physical resource: As far as the key resources of the company are considered, the physical resources that are involved in the business are the restaurant ambience. The ambience of the restaurant is also very sporty that attract the food lovers. All the chairs and the tables have food chart that provides the information about the healthy food to the comers sitting. The walls of the restaurant have the pictures of the big sportsmen and the healthy properly having threat physique (Mullins, 2013). This motivates the customers to a have healthy diet. The menus of the restaurant also provide detailed information about the dishes that are served to the customers (Wirtz, Pistoia, Ullrich and Gttel, 2016). Human resources: They are the major and the very important resource of the restaurants. Human resources are in the form of sales person at the store, waiters, management, IT department for handling the online websites of the company etc. it is very important for the company to have skilled human resources in all the departments so as to serve the customers efficiently. The employees who are at the front desk and deals directly with the customers should have the skills to deal with the customers. They should have the presentable appearance that attracts the customers in the restaurant (Zott and Amit, 2013). They should also have some of the knowledge about the diet food and the healthy serving offers at the restaurant. Financial resources: It has been analysed that in order to penetrate in the market and to attract the customers, it is required by the company to be financially string and maintain that image of the company that is being claimed in front of the customers. This required the company to be string in their finances. The company is financially strong and this restaurant provides a great experience dining to the customers with high quality products (Tukker and Tischner, 2017). Key Partners: The key partners can be defined as the partners that are being involved in the business or are associated with the business to support the business activities. It has been analysed that in the restaurant business, there are many supportive entities such as suppliers, logistics, delivery etc. there of the main partners of the business are: suppliers: As the company is operated in the restaurant industry thus it is dependent on many suppliers (Brown and Duguid, 2017). The primary suppliers of the company are the suppliers that provide them the processed food products such as bread, egg, chicken etc. and the secondary suppliers are the suppliers which provide them with the unprocessed food such as farmers that provides the company with the vegetables and fruits as well as grains. The other suppliers that are involved in the business are the logistics people who deliver these food products to the company or at the restaurant where the dishes are served to the people (Boone and Kurtz, 200 9). Revenue Structure: The revenue of the structure of the company is very simple; it provides various methods to the customers to pay such as electronic medium and cash as well. The company also earns it revenue by the online sales it made as well as by the home delivery services. The in house store of the restaurant also provides revenue of the company. There are some packages as well for the regular customers and the company can earn large benefits of customers loyalty through these strategies. The revenue has been generated by the store that is in the restaurant that serves the people with the dry healthy food which can be kept at home and need not to be taken fresh. Cost Structure: The cost structure of the restaurant is framed by analysing the cost incurred in the activities that re being conducted in order to have a proper business functioning (Cascetta,et al. 2015). It has been analysed that cost structure of this restaurant business is: Cost of the startup Expenses Amount Restaurant infrastructure cost Servicing cost Legal charges and expenses Portal expense and IT cost Marketing and hiring cost Total Start-up Expenses $20000 $20000 $2000 $13000 $10000 $65000 Start-up Assets Cash in hand Long-term and short terms assets Current assets $40000 $50,000 $15000 Total Start-up Requirements $105000 The cost structure of the restaurant suggests that there are various important activities that require cost to be spent by themanagement or the owners of the business.it has been analysed that sales at 105000 AUD is required by the order to start up this new business. It is also required to manage this cost accordingly and efficiency so that can be better used optimally and gives better results. Minimum Viable Product (MVP) (if applicable) The minimum viable products cannot be exactly imposed on this business this is the service as well as the products based company but service plays a most important role. It has been analysed that the major value that is provided to the customers is the diet food and healthy living (Christensen, 2013). Feasibility analysis: Feasibility analysis of the business determines that how much the business is feasible to enter the market or the industry in terms of various factors such as marketing, financial, human resource etc. it is the analysis that provides the strengths and the weakness of the company or the new venture in the industry (Emma, 2010). Below are some of the types of feasibility that has been discussed: Market feasibility: It is the part of the feasibility that suggests that how the business can enter the market and how is the market of the business. It has been analysed that the restaurant industry in Australia is growing at the pace of 5.6% from 2012 to 2017. As far as the revenue of the industry is considered, it is around 20bn AUD. All this information suggests that the market is very competitive and competitive market required the companies to enter with an innovation that the new business have. This is because the new business is serving the people with diet and healthy food unlike other restaurants which are serving only tasty and fatty food. It has been concluded from the above information the market is very feasible to enter because the industry is showing no barrier in terms of marketing (Johnson, 2010). Government has its interference in the industry as it is regarding the food products that are healthy are the most important element to be conscious about. The quality if the food matters a lot. Technical feasibility: The technical feasibility in this section or the business depends on the customers support program for the online sales. Other technical feasibility or the program depends on the online payment system. Suppliers are the major element of this business as all the raw materials that are required for serving the dishes to the people in the restaurant (Kyle, 2008). Food safety standards have been given by the government of Australia for all the restaurants to maintain the quality of the food as per the standards. Food safety compliance has been released by the government as well that needs to be followed by every restaurant business at Australia. Financial feasibility: As per the market research, it has been analysed that the expected sales volume for the company is would be 200000 AUD. This selling price of the products is different but the range of the selling rice per unit of the dishes is 16 AUD to 60 AUD. The starts up cost of the company are explained in the appendix 1 as per the activities that are required to be conducted and the process of the business (Lager, 2010). As far as the source of finance is concerned, it has been analysed that source of financing includes the partners as many of the suppliers have also invested in the restaurants business. The other source of money is business loans that are available for the entrepreneurs. It is required for the company to generate the expected revenue and give away the loan as soon as possible. Human resource feasibility: Human resource is the most important function of the element that is required by the comaony.in the restaurant business, it is required to provide different skills to the different people of different departments. The major roles that are required in the restaurant business are the manners at the higher level, the IT team for handling the online business function and the sales or the front desk executives and waiters that deals directly with the customers (Lober, 2015). Conclusion: It has been concluded from the report that this business is related to the restaurant industry. It is the business that requires a seed capital of around AUD 105000. It has been analysed that all the element of feasibility are in favour for the business so that business can easily enter the Australian industry. The restaurant industry is Australia is very competitive in nature and thus it is required for this new business to convey its business idea properly to the customers. The business that has been disused in the report is of healthy and diet food restaurant that delivers the services to the people who are very much heath conscious. The competitive environment of the industry provides many opportunities to this innovative idea as Australia is becoming very health conscious and thus it is required by the company to make efforts in the processes and the market promotion. The quality is also the major concern for this business as it is required to provide the high quality products t o the customers as per the Australian food quality standards. References: Boone, L.E., Kurtz, D.L. 2009.Contemporary Business 2010 Update.John Wiley Sons. Boyd, B., Henning, N., Reyna, E., Wang, D., Welch, M. and Hoffman, A.J., 2017.Hybrid organizations: New business models for environmental leadership. Routledge. Brown, J.S. and Duguid, P., 2017.The Social Life of Information: Updated, with a New Preface. Harvard Business Review Press. Cascetta, E., Carteni, A., Pagliara, F., and Montanino, M. 2015. A new look at planning and designing transportation systems: A decision-making model based on cognitive rationality, stakeholder engagement and quantitative methods.Transport policy,38, 27-39. Christensen, C.M., 2013.The innovator's dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail. Harvard Business Review Press. Drucker, P.F., 2017.The Theory of the Business (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Press. Emma, O. 2010.Knowledge Management for Process, Organizational and Marketing Innovation: Tools and Methods: Tools and Methods.Idea Group Inc (IGI). Gartner, W.B., Carter, N.M. and Hills, G.E., 2016. The language of opportunity1.Entrepreneurship as Organizing: Selected Papers of William B. Gartner, p.218. Johnson, S. 2010.Where Good Ideas Come From The Natural History of Innovation. Penguin UK. Kyle, T. 2008.Small Business Ideas - 400 Latest and Greatest Small Business Ideas: From Around the World - the World's Largest Source of the Latest and Greatest Successful Small Business Ideas from Around the World; New Small Business Ideas, Small Business Management, Small Business Start-Ups and New Ventures. Terry Kyle. Lager, T. 2010.Managing Process Innovation: From Idea Generation to Implementation.World Scientific. Lober, H. 2015.Different Phases of the Innovation Process: An Overview of Challenges and Customer Integration.Anchor Academic Publishing. Mackey, J. and Sisodia, R., 2014.Conscious capitalism, with a new preface by the authors: Liberating the heroic spirit of business. Harvard Business Review Press. Morecroft, J.D., 2015.Strategic modelling and business dynamics: a feedback systems approach. John Wiley Sons Mullins, J., 2013.The New Business Road Test: What entrepreneurs and executives should do before launching a lean start-up. Pearson UK. Tukker, A. and Tischner, U. eds., 2017.New business for old Europe: product-service development, competitiveness and sustainability. Routledge. Ward, J., 2016.Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership. Springer. Wirtz, B.W., Pistoia, A., Ullrich, S. and Gttel, V., 2016. Business models: Origin, development and future research perspectives.Long Range Planning,49(1), pp.36-54. Zott, C. and Amit, R., 2013. The business model: A theoretically anchored robust construct for strategic analysis.Strategic Organization,11(4), pp.403-411.

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What are the effects on trade regulation for food security under the world trade organization system The WritePass Journal

What are the effects on trade regulation for food security under the world trade organization system Abstract What are the effects on trade regulation for food security under the world trade organization system AbstractI . IntroductionII. The Concept of Food Security1. Definition of Food Security2. Food Security as a Food Sovereignty3. Food Security as a National Security4. Food Security as a Human RightIII. Problems and Shortcomings in the Agreement on Agriculture1. Lack of Food Security Provision2. Inequity between FoodExport and FoodImport Countries3. Insufficient Recognition of S D Treatment for Developing Countries4. No Recognition of Uniqueness of Agricultural Products5. Insufficient Recognition of Importance of Domestic Production for Development and Food Security6. NonImplementation of the Marrakesh Decision(11) Food SafetyV. ConclusionRelated Abstract With the launch of new negotiations on international trade called Doha Development Agenda (DDA), agriculture is once again expected to be a central and difficult issue. As a solution to the problems associated with food security in the DDA negotiation on agriculture, this article suggested a creation of a food security box. The basic idea of the food security box is, (i) to allow, like other existing exemptions (such as Green and Blue Boxes), a series of exemptions to the AoA for members whose agriculture was not meeting basic food security needs (hereinafter the members); (ii) to allow the members to protect and enhance their domestic production capacity under certain conditions; (iii) to provide flexibility to the members so as to increase domestic support for agriculture until they have achieved a certain level of food self-reliance; (iv) to obligate developed countries to give to developing countries technical assistance for improvement in the productivity; (v) to balance the rights and duties between food-exporting countries and food-importing countries. Free trade alone cannot solve the global food security problems, since free trade may have both positive and negative effects on food security. It should be noted that the policy to achieve food security based only on food aid and trade liberalization is too risky in terms of long term public policy. Given the instability of agricultural production and food aid, it is in the special interests of many food-importing countries such as the Republic of Korea and Japan to increase domestic agricultural production to ensure food security. I . Introduction The Doha Ministerial Declaration, issued at the fourth World Trade Organization (WTO) Ministerial Conference on 14 November 2001, launched new negotiations on a range of subjects, and included the negotiations already underway in agriculture and services. With the launch of new negotiations on international trade entitled Doha Development Agenda (DDA), agricultural trade is expected to be the most contentious and difficult issue.) It is agreed that the non-trade concerns (NTCs) such as food security and environmental protection will be taken into account. At the DDA agricultural negotiation, food security * Professor, College of Law, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea E-mail: [emailprotected] This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation (KRF-2001-013-000021). is a key element of NTCs. The NTC Group (comprising the European Communities, Japan, Norway, Switzerland, South Korea and Mauritius), often called as the Friends of Multifunctionality, raised NTCs as a central part of their negotiating positions. The United States and the Cairns Group rejected, however, the concept. Some countries argue that there is no food security issue for developed countries because they can afford to purchase if necessary. Food security is, however, fundamentally a matter of national security, justice and human rights where all countries have a great concern. The focus of the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) is, unfortunately, not on food security but on trade liberalization. The existing provisions of the AoA can not only not solve the global food security problems but also have detrimental impacts on food security and sustainable development, consumer health and safety and the environment. The AoA does not adequately and equitably address the food security needs of both developing countries and developed countries. As a solution to the problems associated with food security in the WTO negotiation on agriculture, this article suggests a creation of a food security box. This article will not attempt to explain or describe the details of the AoA. Section II describes the concept of food security under the context of the WTO system and international law. Section HI points out some problems and shortcomings in the current AoA. Section IV describes the concrete contents of a proposed food security box. Section V provides a brief summary and conclusion. II. The Concept of Food Security 1. Definition of Food Security The term food security has been defined in diverse ways. Both developing countries and developed countries have adopted some kind of food security policy. One starting point in understanding the concept of food security is a widely accepted definition adopted by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) at the World Food Summit in 1996: Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. 2) There are four elements implicit in this definition: availability, accessibility, reliability (or stability), and sustainability. Adequate food availability means that sufficient food supplies should be available to meet consumption needs. Access to food means that both physical and economic access to food should be guaranteed. 3) A reliable food supply means that an adequate food supply should be continued even during seasonal or cyclical variations of climate and socio-economic conditions. Access to adequate food is essential for good nutrition, but it is not in itself sufficient. Food should also be safe in order that people may survive and be free from disease. Food security, therefore, inevitably requires food safety. In addition, food security requires agricultural sustainability in terms of long-term food security. If agricultural production is managed through exploiting non-renewable natural resources or degrading the environment, it may threate n long-term agricultural sustainability and global food security. 4) Thus, food security requires available, accessible, reliable and sustainable food supply at all the times. Food security has three dimensions: individual, national and multinational levels. 5) At the individual or household level, poverty or gender inequality may influence the distribution of food affecting individual food security even when food supply is sufficient. At the national level, natural disasters or socio-economic conditions such as armed conflicts may seriously disrupt food production and supply. States may have sufficient food at the national level, but have some food insecure individuals because of unequal distribution of food. At the multilateral level, especially within the context of WTO, food security is considered as a State affair, and discussion tends to focus on liberalization of agricultural trade, trade regulation and adequate supplies of imported food to members. 2. Food Security as a Food Sovereignty Food sovereignty is the right of each nation and its people to maintain and develop its own capacity to produce the peoples basic food, while respecting productive and cultural diversity.6) Food may be used as a tool by nations to impose political and economic pressures on others. The effective realization of food security is essential to national sovereignty since the use of food as a political weapon among nations may limit and jeopardize the sovereignty of individual nations. Thus, in the Rome Declaration on World Food Security, government delegates agreed that [alttaining food security is a complex task for which the primary responsibility rests with individual governments. Because of the responsibility assigned to governments for achieving food security, they emphasized that Mood should not be used as an instrument for political and economic pressure. Food sovereignty is, therefore, a pre-condition for a genuine food security. The term food sovereignty was elaborated by NGO. In an Action Agenda adopted at NGO/CSO Forum on Food Sovereignty, food sovereignty was affirmed as a right of countries and peoples to define their own agricultural, pastoral, fisheries and food policies which are ecologically, socially, economically and culturally appropriate. 7) 3. Food Security as a National Security One of the major tasks of a State is to ensure enough food to feed its own people. Adequate food is indispensable for the survival of a sovereign State. When we are, therefore, talking about food security, we are really talking about a national security issue. Thus, some commentators justify the maintenance of a certain minimum level of production of agricultural products in the name of national `safety and security. Although the WTO members have not resorted to Article XXI (national security exception clause) of the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) to protect their domestic agricultural industry, the relevance of national security was pointed out at the Special Sessions of the WTO Committee on Agriculture. Under GATT Article XXI, national security issues may be exempted from Wf0 trade disciplines. Food security is also inextricably connected to national security and political sovereignty. Chronic food insecurity puts national security in jeopardy by placing at risk the health of a large number of people, and also it incites internal turmoil and instability. 4. Food Security as a Human Right Access to adequate food is recognized as a human right. Food security is fundamentally a matter of human right. Many commentators agree that under international law there is currently found, to a minimal extent, a treaty right conjoined with a customary right to be free from hunger.il)) International Agreements such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 12) support this view. In the Rome Declaration on World Food Security, government delegates reaffirmed the right of everyone to have access to safe and nutritious food, consistent with the right to adequate food and the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger... 13) Food security is a global issue. National disaster or armed conflict in one agriculture exporting country can seriously affect the food security of other countries. International cooperation is, therefore, indispensable in order to ensure universal food security. Thus they also reaffirmed the importance of international cooperation and solidarity as well as the necessity of refraining from unilateral measures not in accordance with the international law and the Charter of the United Nations and that endanger food security. 14) Each nation must cooperate regionally and internationally in order to organize collective solutions to global issues of food security. In a world of increasingly interlinked institutions, societies and econo mies, coordinated efforts and shared responsibilities are essential. 15) III. Problems and Shortcomings in the Agreement on Agriculture 1. Lack of Food Security Provision The focus of the AoA is not food security, but trade liberalization. Its main objective is to establish a fair and market-oriented agricultural trading system through substantial progressive reductions in agricultural support and protections(Preamble). The AoA aims to liberalize agricultural trade in three principal ways: increase of market access, reduction of both domestic support and export subsidy. The AoA has no provision on food security, and no definition on food security. There are, however, a few provisions mentioning the term food security in a very narrow sense. Commitments under the reform programs should be made in an equitable way among all members, having due regard to non-trade concerns, including food security(Preamble). Article 12 of the AoA provides that members instituting export prohibition or restriction shall give due regard to the effects of such prohibition or restriction on importing members food security. Annex 2 of the AoA articulates public stockholding (para3) for food security purposes. 16) Para.4 (domestic food aid) of the Annex 2 is also a provision for food security, although the term food security is not used. Thus, the term food security in the WTO is used in a very narrow sense and relates primarily to the adequate supply of food to member states through free trade. 2. Inequity between FoodExport and FoodImport Countries The AoA has a lack of due consideration for non-trade concerns such as food security. The AoA enables food-export countries to continue to subsidize and protect domestic producers while requiring food-import countries to open up their markets to foreign competition. Consequently, it failed to balance the interests of food-exporting and food-importing countries. It should be noted that there are special provisions for developing and least-developed countries, not for food-importing countries. Even the net food-importing countries (NFICs) are merely a subcategory of developing countries. 17) The AoA, like other WTO Agreements, specifies different types of legal rights and obligations concerning market access, export subsidies, and domestic support, according to different categories of countries. The principal classifications are developed and developing countries, with the latter receiving special and differential (SD) treatment. It should be also noted that commitments under the reform programs for agricultural trade should be made in an equitable way among all members, having due regard to non-trade concerns, including food security (Preamble). 3. Insufficient Recognition of S D Treatment for Developing Countries As pointed out above, the AoA confers more beneficial legal rights and obligations concerning market access, export subsidies, and domestic support on developing countries. Developing countries were given different timetables, different target reduction rates, and different exemptions. The implementation period for making reductions was six years (until 2000) for developed countries and ten years (until 2004) for developing countries. Developing 17) The net food-importing countries (NFICs) are a subcategory of developing countries, which is defined by the WTO Committee on Agriculture based on trade profile data and negotiation among members. As of February 2000, there are 19 NFICs. countries were allowed to apply lower rates of reduction in the areas of market access, export subsidies, and domestic support (but not less than 2/3 of those to be applied by developing countries). Least-developed countries were exempted from reduction commitments, although they were required to bind their tariffs and domestic support and not exceed those amounts. Most of the current SD provisions for developing countries are, however, largely irrelevant and ineffective because they lack the funds and means to use export subsidies, and domestic supports. The AoA enabled developed countries to continue to subsidize and protect domestic producers while requiring developing countries to open up their markets to foreign competitors. The AoA provisions systematically favor agricultural producers in developed countries and multinational agribusiness, and are unfair to developing countries. No WTO Agreement is more iniquitous than the AoA. Thus, the AoA enabled developed countries to maintain trade-distorting subsidies and import restrictions, and failed to achieve its stated objective of establishing a fair and market-oriented agricultural trading system. 18) It should be noted that the Doha Declaration articulated that SD treatment for developing countries shall be an integral part of all elements of the negotiations.(para.13) 4. No Recognition of Uniqueness of Agricultural Products Agricultural products are unique and most essential commodities in every country. In addition to its primary function of producing food, agriculture also provides non-food services to our societies jointly produced from agricultural activities. Non-food services of agriculture that have characteristics of public goods include the viability of rural areas, food security, environmental protection, rural employment, and preservation of cultural heritage and agricultural landscape. In this context, the multifunctional role of agriculture, in both developed and developing countries, should be recognized. 19) In addition, agricultural production is biological and site-specific. Demand and production in agriculture is inelastic. Supply is heavily dependent upon the weather, and very sensitive to climate change. Over 90% of global rice production depends on the same monsoon area. 201 All these unique and multifunctional characteristics of agriculture need to be recognized and should be reflected in the revised AoA. [T]o ensure that international trade plays a positive role in ensuring food security, it is essential that trade rules respect the characteristics that distinguish agriculture from other sectors. 21 ) 5. Insufficient Recognition of Importance of Domestic Production for Development and Food Security The AoA is premised on the idea that trade liberalization can enhance national and global food security. There is, however, widespread public concern that the current direction of trade liberalization under the AoA has a detrimental impact on food security and development. To date, the AoAs objectives of removing trade barriers and protection have failed to promote the goals of sustainable agriculture and food security. The AoA overestimates the importance of free trade, but underestimates that of domestic production, in terms of sustainable development and food security. In order to reduce the risks that are often associated with an excessive reliance on imports, a certain degree of domestic agricultural food production is essential for food security and development.22) Domestic production may play a role of insurance against risks such as import interruptions and poor harvests in exporting countries. 23) Agriculture is a way of life in many developing agrarian countries, and support of agricultural production is essential for ensuring food security, rural employment, and poverty alleviation. Agriculture continues to be an important source of foreign exchange and revenue for developing countries. In this context, domestic production should be recognized as an essential means to secure food security and development in the revised AoA. 6. NonImplementation of the Marrakesh Decision For countries that may be adversely affected by trade liberalization, a separate decision was adopted, called the Marrakesh Ministerial Decision on Measures Concerning the Possible Negative Effects of the Reform Programme on Least-Developed and Net Food-Importing Developing Countries (Marrakech Decision). 25) The Marrakech Decision was supposed to protect LDCs and NFIDCs from food insecurity caused by trade liberalization through ensuring a continued flow of financial resources, food aid, and technical assistance. To date, the Marrakech Decision has not been sufficiently implemented. The Marrakech Decision is ineffective because it does not adequately define the problem (what are the negative effects?), it does not assign responsibilities, and it has no implementation mechanism. The requirement for providing a proof of damage and causality makes it also very difficult to invoke the Decision. N. Proposals for Food Security Box Food security is a key element of non-trade concerns and agricultural problems. As pointed out earlier, however, the existing provisions of the AoA can not only not solve the global food security problems but also have a detrimental impact on food security and sustainable development, consumer health and the environment. The AoA does not adequately and equitably address the food security needs of developing countries and developed countries. The AoA needs, therefore, fundamental reform from the perspective of food security, and food security should have top priority in the DDA agricultural negotiations and a revised AoA. Food security should be mentioned in the preamble of the AoA as a central objective,and specifically reflected in its Articles. As a solution to the problems associated with food security in the DDA negotiations on agriculture, this section will suggest a creation of a `food security box; the provisions of which will be elaborated in detail, based on the four elements of food security mentioned above. It should also be noted that the food security box is different from the concept of a `development box in that the latter is concemed with SD treatment for developing countrie s,26) while the former reflects the food security concerns of both developing countries and (net food-importing) developed countries. 27) The basic idea of the food security box is, (i) to allow, like other existing exemptions (such as Green and Blue Boxes), a series of exemptions to the AoA for members whose agriculture was not meeting basic food security needs (hereinafter the members); (ii) to allow the members to protect and enhance their domestic production capacity under certain conditions; (iii) to provide flexibility to the members so as to increase domestic support for agriculture until they have achieved a certain level of food self-reliance; (iv) to obligate developed countries to give to the members technical assistance for improvement in productivity; (v) to balance the rights and duties between food-exporting countries and food-importing countries. (1) Tariffs Basic food security crops should be exempt from tariff reduction commitments. Each member may nominate, based on a negative list approach, a list of staple food security crops for exemption from reduction commitments. The basic food security crops or staple food security crops are crops which are either staple foods in the country concerned, or the main sources of livelihood for low-income farmers 2 8) To be qualified as basic food security crops, they should be sensitive in terms of food security and sustainable development. 26)  Ã‚   Some members proposed a Development Box at the Committee on Agriculture. See The Development Box, Non-papa by Dominican Republic, Kenya, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, Special Session of the Conunittee on Agriculture Informal Meeting, 4-6 February 2002. (2)  Ã‚   TRQs Tariff rate quotas (TRQs) were introduced in the Uruguay Round to ensure that existing access conditions were not undermined and as a means to create new market access opportunities. The expansion of TRQs may help to ensure greater market opportunities, for exporters especially in developing countries, and to further liberalize and increase trade in agricultural products. Since TRQs have contributed positively to increased market access and the food security of net-food importing countries, much flexibility in connection with the TRQs administration should be given to the basic food security crops of net-food importing countries. Some members proposed at the Committee on Agriculture auctioning as an efficient and transparent method of TRQ allocation. 29 (3)  Ã‚   SSG The Special Safeguard (SSG) provisions were introduced to facilitate the reform process and as a means of protecting domestic farmers injured by increase in imports. Given the special nature of agricultural products, the SSG mechanism should be continued, in order to minimize serious injuries caused to the domestic industry by sudden import surges and price fluctuations in food security crops. Consideration should also be given for extending the SSG to cover crops which have the potential to substitute for local food security crops. (4)  Ã‚   Domestic Support At the WTO Committee on Agriculture, many delegates emphasized the importance of domestic production in achieving food security. 30) Most delegates contended that the most efficient solution should lie in a combination of domestic production, imports (trade liberalization), food aid and stockpiling, but they varied a lot in the emphasis they gave to various means. Food aid and free trade can play important roles in achieving food security. The heavy dependency on imported foods and foreign food aid is, however, too risky especially to net food-importing countries in terms of food security policy, since they can provide major food-exporting countries with a powerful political weapon. They can foreclose the potential of domestic production as an engine of rural development and economic growth. It should be noted that the policy to achieve food security based only on food aid and trade liberalization is, therefore, too naive and risky in terms of a long term public policy. The maintenance of a certain degree of domestic food production is, therefore, an essential element in national food security policies, in each country whether it is a developing or a developed country, and no matter how high its optimum self-sufficiency ratio may be. All domestic support taken to increase domestic production of basic food security crops for `domestic consumption should, therefore, be exempted from any form of domestic support reduction commitments. 32) It should be emphasized that greater diversity in food production systems may contribute to achieve food security by enabling the access to food within a region 33) Developing countries should have the flexibility to take any domestic support measures including price support for food security, rural development and poverty alleviation, regardless of its impacts on trade.34) (5) Export Subsidies Export subsidies provided by developed countries may impact negatively on the food production system of importing countries and have detrimental effects on their domestic markets.35) Thus, they may impact negatively on the food security situation of net food-importing countries and developing countries. It may be contended that net food-importing countries and developing countries may also benefit from lower world agricultural prices caused by export subsidies provided by other countries. These benefits are, however, highly unreliable, and export subsidies are the most trade distorting of policy tools used in the agricultural sector. Therefore, at the Doha Ministerial Declaration, it was agreed to reduce, with a view to phasing out, all forms of export subsidies. 36) Developing countries should have the flexibility to use export subsidies in order to promote exports, especially when these exports are critical for achieving their food security needs. (6) Dumping Export subsidies may contribute to the problem of dumping which has also detrimental effects on the food production system of importing countries. The US and EC farmgate prices for many crops are less than many countries cost of production, because of huge amount of export subsidies. Producers from other countries cannot compete with dumped products from the US or EC based grain multinationals such as Cargill. The existing AoA does not address the problem of dumping of agricultural products. Thus, [Ole lack of rules in agricultural trade that preceded the AoA contributed directly to food insecurity in the world.37) Therefore, dumping of agricultural products should be prohibited, and food-importing countries should be allowed to take appropriate border measures against the dumped products, if they impact negatively on the food security policy of importing countries. (7) Export Credits Subsidized export credits, along with export guarantees and insurance, could be used to circumvent export subsidy commitments. 381 For this reason, strict rules and disciplines on export credits should be established in the revised AoA. Export credits may be, however, useful for food security in food importing countries suffering from financial crises or food supply problems,39) and should be allowed to be invoked through specific criteria, so long as they are not used as a means of circumventing export subsidy commitments. As of August 2002, export credits covering exports of agricultural and food products are not governed by any specific discipline within the AoA. 401 Rules and disciplines on export credits should ensure that export credits conform to commercial practices and do not confer an export subsidy.41) Developing countries should be, however, allowed to have the flexibility to use export credits. (8) Export Restrictions and Taxes Export restrictions and export taxes may be necessary for the food security of food-exporting countries in cases of emergencies like food shortages. For this reason, article XI of GATT 1994 prohibits quantitative export restrictions but makes an explicit exception for export prohibitions or restrictions temporarily applied to prevent or relieve critical shortages of foodstuffs or other products essential to the exporting contracting countries. Export restrictions and export taxes may, however, have detrimental effects on the food security of food-importing countries by promoting price variability and uncertainty. At the WTO Committee on Agriculture, a number of food-importing countries, like South Korea and Japan, contended that their food supplies could be disrupted and their food security jeopardized if exporting countries restrict exports of agricultural products. 42) Article 12.1 of AoA further obligates the member instituting the export restrictions to give due consideration to the effects of such restrictions on importing countries food security. However, given their significant distortion effects on world agricultural markets, strict rules and disciplines on export restrictions and export taxes should be established in the revised AoA. Above all, the period of export restrictions should not exceed more than three months, and a certain amount should be exempt from exporting restrictions during its implementation, for the food security of importing countries. Differential export taxes which encourage exports of processed products and discourage primary product exports should be prohibited.43) Developing countries should be, however, allowed to have the flexibility to use export restrictions and export taxes. (9) State Trading Enterprises Many countries have used state trading enterprises to control domestic markets and to regulate trade. State trading enterprises with exclusive or special rights and privileges may have negative effects on the establishment of a fair and market-oriented agricultural trading system. From the viewpoint of food security of importing countries, import state trading enterprises may, however, play an important role to ensure stable food supply. On the contrary, export state trading enterprises with monopolistic power may have a significant and direct impact on the international market. More stricter rules and disciplines on export state trading enterprises should be, therefore, established in the revised AoA. New disciplines on state trading enterprises should ensure export and import transactions are non-discriminatory and transparent. Developing countries should be, however, allowed to have the flexibility to use state trading enterprises. 44) (10) Food Aid and Stockholding Article 10.4 of the AoA does not prohibit the use of food aid as a means of surplus disposal or market expansion. 45) Food aid may, however, have negative effects on food security, and be used to circumvent export subsidy commitments. 46) At the WTO Committee on Agriculture, MERCOSUR group contended that there was an urgent need to establish more detailed rules on food aid in order to ensure that WTO commitments on reducing export subsidies are not circumvented while at the same time preserving the humanitarian dimension of food aid. Strict rules and disciplines on export restrictions and export taxes should be, therefore, established in the revised AoA. 47) Above all, food aid should only be in the form of grants rather than credits, should respond genuinely to demand, and should be targeted at the needs of the recipient countries. It should not harm the domestic production systems of the recipient countries, should not distort international trade, should not amount to the disposal of price-depressing surpluses, should not allow countries to circumvent their export subsidy commitments, and should not be used as a means of expanding market share by subsidizing countries. Developing countries should be provided with the technical and financial assistance to improve their domestic food production capacity.48) Public stockholding of basic food security crops for food security purposes should be given a wider definition under the Green Box provision. According to para.3 of Annex 2 to the AoA, the volume and accumulation of stocks shall correspond to predetermined targets related solely to food security, and there are strict criteria for how such stocks are purchased and sold. The AoA should also provide for regional food security plans, including joint maintenance of emergency food stocks. 49) Some countries at the WTO Committee on Agriculture proposed creating an international food stockholding system in order to effectively address food security concerns of developing countries. 50) Developing countries should be allowed to have the flexibility to use food security stocks. (11) Food Safety Recently, food safety has been an emerging NTC issue. Public concerns on food safety increases as the trade of agricultural products increases. Food safety requirements may be used as a means of disguised protectionism. Food safety cant be, however, given up in the name of trade liberalization, because food supplied to people should be safe, at least from the perspective of food security. Without consumers confidence in food safety, trade liberalization of agricultural products cant be accomplished successfully. Strict rules and disciplines on food safety should be, therefore, established in the revised AoA. Since food safety issue may also be discussed in the SPS and TBT Committees, this article proposes a written Understanding to be adopted, which may be annexed to the AoA or SPS Agreement.51 ) The Understanding should, among other things, deal with the precautionary principle, burden of proof on food safety, mandatory labeling for GM (Genetically Modified) crops or foods, cooperation with other organizations such as OECD and Codex. Since most food-importing countries lack technical capacity to show scientific evidence against imported foods, technical and financial assistance should be provided to members, especially to developing countries. 52) (12)Peace Clause Article 13 (due restraint) of the AoA is due to expire at the end of 2003. This Peace Clause protects members using domestic support measures from being challenged under the GAIT 1994 and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, so long as they comply with their commitments on export subsidies and domestic support under the AoA. The Peace Clause should be preserved and extended for all measures that are taken to achieve the food security policy of developing countries. (13)Environment and Sustainable Agriculture Agricultural activities have both positive and negative effects on the environment. Agriculture contributes to environmental goods such as biological diversity and landscape conservation, which may enhance agricultural sustainability. It should be noted that agriculture in many developing countries is based on small-sized farms, and this type of farming is ecologically sustainable. [There is an emerging realization that agricultural systems in both developed and developing countries face challenges to achieve long-term sustainability and food security, 53)especially in light of growing populations and resource degradation. Without local agriculture there would be no positive effects, and without some level of support and protection there would be no agriculture. A certain degree of domestic production should be, therefore, maintained for sustainable agriculture and long-term food security. Green Box measures alone are not sufficient, 54) and the criteria for Green Box need to be broadened and flexible enough to enhance sustainable agriculture and long term food security. 55) Domestic supports for sustainable agriculture should be also allowed under the Blue Box. V. Conclusion At the DDA agricultural negotiation, food security is a key element of the NTCs and the most contentious issue. Trade liberalization may enhance national and global food security by expanding sources of food supply, encouraging more efficient allocation of resources, lowering food prices in importing countries, and increasing economic growth rate. However, the proposition that free trade can solve the food security problems is wrong for the following reasons. Agricultural products are different from industrial products in some respects and agriculture has the characteristics of a public good. Thus, when we are talking about agriculture, we are really talking about food security, rural development, environment, employment, culture, as well as production of food for sale in a market. Agricultural production heavily depends on climate and land conditions, unlike industrial products. Given the uncertainty of food supply in the world food market, there will always remain a residual threat to food security. The policy to achieve food security based only on free trade is too risky in terms of long term public policy. The maintenance of a certain level of domestic agricultural food production is, therefore, essential for food security of both developed and developing countries. The current AoA does not, however, adequately and equitably address the food security needs of developing and developed countries. With a view to redressing the imbalance and inequity of rights and obligations under the AoA between food exporting and importing countries, this article proposed a food security box. Among other things, basic food security crops should be exempt from tariff reduction commitments. Much flexibility in connection with TRQs administration should be given to basic food security crops. All domestic support measures taken to increase domestic production of basic food security crops should be also exempted from any form of domestic support reduction commitments. The agricultural negotiations are scheduled to end by 1 January 2005, along with almost all the other negotiations under the DDA. It should be noted that the DDA negotiations are a single undertaking. No element of them will be agreed until all areas are agreed on. As of 23 November 2003, the 31 March deadline for establishing modalities in the agricultural negotiations was not met. WPO members failed to set guidelines on tariff and subsidy cuts to use in subsequent negotiations. The first and revised draft of modalities for the future commitments prepared by the chairperson of the Committee on Agriculture failed to reflect the food security concerns of net-food importing and developing countries. This agricultural impasse may, therefore, spill over into other areas of negotiations, including services, and threaten the entire DDA round of multilateral trade negotiations. Without a system or compromise to solve the food security problems of both net-food importing countries and developing countries, the DDA round cant reach a successful and satisfactory settlement.

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A Case for Kenya Essay Foreword After two and a half years of studying, I was given the opportunity to do a research project as part of my graduation. Since I wanted to go abroad for a longer time, I tried to look for internships in countries outside the Netherlands. In my second year, I did an internship at Move Your World. Move Your World aims to create awareness on (business) development issues among young Dutch citizens by organising workshops, seminars and competitions. Working with this subject for five months made me realise I wanted to find an internship in a developing country, focusing on business topics. After the internship, Move Your World offered me a job as a project assistant. The job description said I had to work with international development matters and I had to host the vacancy platform on the website. This meant that most vacancies regarding international development would end up in my inbox. I took the job and one of my main goals was to find a suitable internship abroad, regarding some sort of business topic. See more: Beowulf essay essay Luckily, in October 2010, Stichting AfriCulture’s vacancy dropped in my inbox. There were two main aspects that triggered my attention. First of all, it was in a developing country, Kenya. Secondly, I had to construct a business plan for an organisation. It suited perfectly to my wishes. I applied and I was selected to go to Kenya, together with two other Dutch business students. For the past three months I conducted a research for Mizizi Foundation, an organisation that tries to create awareness on Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Entrepreneurship among Kenyans. The problem I dealt with was finding a way to restart Mizizi Foundation. Working with an organisational restart issue was very interesting to me, since I may like to set up an organisation myself in the future. Furthermore, I learned a lot about Corporate Social Responsibility. I now believe that implementing a Corporate Social Responsibility-policy is a must for all organisations in the world. I would like to thank Anoek Vriesema, director of Stichting AfriCulture, for selecting me to go to Kenya and for having faith in my capabilities. In addition, I would like to thank Mr. Van Nispen, my supervisor, for his constructive advise on my thesis, and Froukje Joosten, my mother, who is a researcher, for her time-less patience in going through my work. Special thanks go out to three persons in particular. First of all, to my two dear colleagues Marleen and Ester, with whom I have been living and working for the past three months. We managed to combine a lot of fun with serious work, which resulted in a very good business plan and friendship for life. Last but not least, I would like to thank George Muni, chair of Mizizi Foundation, for his professional attitude and his joy, and for giving me the possibility to integrate in the Kenyan way of life. Muni was dedicated to continue with Mizizi. As Muni called it, â€Å"Mizizi is a phoenix about to rise from the ashes.† Mizizi is the Kiswahili word for roots.